Journal Entry #7

1. The hypothesis that the author tries to explore is to be able to understand the revision process. This means they used six editors to analyze how they go about revising papers. It was found that they rate author's levels by knowledge, and the strategies used by editors to detect problems in works. This brought Bisaillon a way to develop more research on the topic of professional editing. 2. To collect their information, they first put the six editors into two groups: one for experts and one for less experienced professional editors. They did this to see if experience changed how the behavior of the editors. They were also split into two different categories about how they believed revision should go. These were the "normative" and "communicational" groups. Normative means that the editor looks for grammatical, spelling, and typographical errors while communicational means that the editor attends to how the work sounds if it were spoken. Then they create artificial texts with planned errors. Once the participants (editors) revise the work the researchers study what they chose to fix. They used "retrospective verbalization" with the editors to understand why they fixed what they did. They used this method because it does not interfere with what they revised because it was already done. During the entire experiment, the editors were filmed and this was used to help see how they acted while revising. Also, the researchers used an unedited and the edited copies to compare them. Finally, they analyzed the retrospective verbalization the editors gave in the end. By using the work of other researchers, they could clarify the parts of the revision process. 3. Professional editing differs from student revision in that editors minimally look back and mostly work forward, like the text was meant to be read. Also, professional editors put more time and effort into their work than students do. One big difference is that the editor is paid by the writer and the editor can get to know the writer and his/her tendencies. In the classroom, students may not know how other students write or the meaning the writer is trying to get across. Also, students should know basically what the others are writing about in most situations, while the editor needs to be let known the meaning of the work.

Student's Virginity

Group 3: Ariel Tymeson and Molly Sigerich -yo gurl, i saw you on tyra.. wtf? is this a joke? -y would u do this? this isn't u and u know it. y would u throw it away? im jus tryin to help u out cuz im ur friend.. -theres no amount of $ tht shuld make u do this. ur embarrassing ur fam n urself. ur not a prostitute. -i rly care bout u, plzzzz think this over.. ull regret it.. i mean wht kinda guy buys a v-card? -u culd get a disease nd have to live w. it ur entire life. hlp urself out boo. ur so much better thn this

Journal Entry #6

I don't know if I was supposed to put it in the dropbox, but I couldn't find a link for the sixth journal. 1. Lloyd Bitzer states that rhetorical situation is not context (which is simply a condition of communication). Although certain situations demand a rhetoric discourse, the discourse cannot always demand the situation. Bitzer also believes that rhetoric is not synonymous to persuasion. 2. Bitzer believes that “rhetorical situation” has three parts: exigences: the audience needs to be limited in decision and action, and this limitation needs to influence the person speaking to the audience. Basically, these three parts make up a complex situation with people, relations, objects and events that creates a problem. This problem should be solved when discourse can change people’s actions to modify or fix the problem. 3. “Exigence” is defined as a defect or something that needs to be fixed.Exigences can only be considered rhetorical if they can be changed.Bitzer gives the examples of weather, death, and natural disasters that would be considered exigences, but not rhetorical because they cannot be fixed.Also, exigences that can be fixed by other means than discourses would not be considered rhetorical as well.An example of a rhetorical exigence would be the Go Green campaigns.They encourage citizens to use less gas and recycle to better our environment and many Americans have tried to fix the current predicament.

Journal Entry #5

In English Studies, one debate I found interesting is "The Problem of Specialization." It was not only an academic debate, but a cultural one as well. Joe Moran states that the division of labor has many negative consequences while David Easton looks at the problem at a more academic level. He uses the nursery rhyme "Humpty Dumpty" to help illustrate how academics are becoming specialized and "fragmented" but nobody can deal with everyday problems, like nobody could put Humpty Dumpty back together. In the text, it says that the new divisions in academics makes people only focus on their personal specializations rather than understanding or being an expert in the entire discipline. However, John Dewey argues that school's did not create this problem. Our culture and the world we live in shaped the need to have specialized programs. I disagree with a lot of this, because I simply do not think academic specialization is a bad thing. In school, students are required to take some General Education (or "GenEd") courses that helps give them a basic understanding of other disciplines. But, why should I have to learn copious amounts of material that I know I won't use once I start a career? With specialization, it helps prepare people for jobs in the future rather than have to learn how to perform once they obtain the job. The academics want to argue this case, however, because they believe it needs to be fixed before it gets out of hand, and this is where I disagree.

Journal Entry #3

When David Bartholomae says a student needs to "invent the university" in college writing, he simply means that he or she must write from the perspective of a person in that particular field. The student has to know the language a person from that department would use and use it appropriately throughout the piece. To make a student feel like an "insider," he or she needs to go around to the commonplaces to understand how people in different departments speak and act. With the two writings about creativity, the one about the football team's socks was very uninteresting and seemingly uncreative. However, he answered the prompt in a clean-cut way and completed the assignment. Bartholomae notes that although it isn't a long and engaging piece, it is tidy and does the work. The writer looks at creativity as doing something that others aren't; as being original. However, the one about the girl who wrote about her creativity with music says that her creative songs were actually "inspired" by popular songs on the radio. She didn't choose to make her music similar to the songs, but it was what she knew and using her experiences with her tastes makes her music creative. Also, the way she wrote her paper was as if she was telling us the story herself, and this made it a lot easier and worthwhile to read. Bartholomae states that her piece is highly qualified and sees that she doesn't necessarily like the word "creative," but she goes on further describing her experience than the football player did.

Journal Entry #2

In Caleb's article from http://www.sover.net/~spectrum/hist1.html the author makes a claim that hating soccer is American. The data to support this claim are the articles from the New York Times, Washington Post, and Boston Globe that comments on the "mindlessness" of the sport. Also, the writer's grounds to support the claim further by American sports were created by rougher sports in the Ivy League. His claim is warranted by the belief that the American populace prefers rough sports to participate in and watch. However, he does say that Ivy League started off with soccer, so that fact would be considered a qualifier because it leaves how people feel about the sport up to debate. For many people who play the sport or have some background in it would easily be able to debate the claim. Since many Americans play soccer and there is a professional league, it shows that obviously Americans do not hate it so they can easily rebut the claim.

Journal Entry #1

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123169653091671629.html The article "Obama Says Economic Recovery Will Take Time" claims that there is no economic plan that could quickly eradicate the current situation, as we are in what is considered to be the worst recession in American history since the Great Depression. Some think that Obama is going to let the tax cuts expire, but Dick Durbin believes that the Obama Administration disagrees with raising taxes for anyone and will go another route. Barack Obama says he will be flexible with any recovery plan for the economy. The main thing that needs to be done is to help create jobs and unite together to resuscitate the economy. Obama also predicts that four million jobs will be lost this year, and combined with the 2.5 million jobs lost last year, America needs to find a new policy as soon as possible so that the recession can be stopped as soon as possible. The claims being made is a mixture of fact and policy because the facts are that we are currently in a recession like that of the Great Depression. The claim is also one of policy because Barack Obama is trying to figure out what should be done to help the economy and this article discusses some possible options. This text appeals to logos because it seems objective and it is obviously something that the majority of the country agrees with. As everyone realizes we are in a recession, it is not suprising when the article states that we are in the worst recession since the Great Depression. Also, it uses facts that even people who doubt Obama have to believe regardless of emotional feelings towards him.